SQL and Generic Functions¶

SQL functions which are known to SQLAlchemy with regards to database-specific rendering, return types and argument behavior. Generic functions are invoked like all SQL functions, using the func attribute:

select([func.count()]).select_from(sometable)

Note that any name not known to func generates the function name as is - there is no restriction on what SQL functions can be called, known or unknown to SQLAlchemy, built-in or user defined. The section here only describes those functions where SQLAlchemy already knows what argument and return types are in use.

SQL function API, factories, and built-in functions.

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

identifier = 'AnsiFunction'¶

name = 'AnsiFunction'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.Function(name, *clauses, **kw)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.FunctionElement

Describe a named SQL function.

See the superclass FunctionElement for a description of public methods.

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func - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc Function instances.

GenericFunction - allows creation of registered function types.

__init__(name, *clauses, **kw)¶

Construct a Function.

The func construct is normally used to construct new Function instances.

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.FunctionElement(*clauses, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.FromClause

Base for SQL function-oriented constructs.

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Function - named SQL function.

func - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc Function instances.

GenericFunction - allows creation of registered function types.

__init__(*clauses, **kwargs)¶

Construct a FunctionElement.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

Produce a Alias construct against this FunctionElement.

This construct wraps the function in a named alias which is suitable for the FROM clause, in the style accepted for example by Postgresql.

e.g.:

from sqlalchemy.sql import column

stmt = select([column('data_view')]).\
    select_from(SomeTable).\
    select_from(func.unnest(SomeTable.data).alias('data_view')
)

Would produce:

SELECT data_view
FROM sometable, unnest(sometable.data) AS data_view

버전 0.9.8에 추가: The FunctionElement.alias() method is now supported. Previously, this method’s behavior was undefined and did not behave consistently across versions.

clauses¶

Return the underlying ClauseList which contains the arguments for this FunctionElement.

columns¶

The set of columns exported by this FunctionElement.

Function objects currently have no result column names built in; this method returns a single-element column collection with an anonymously named column.

An interim approach to providing named columns for a function as a FROM clause is to build a select() with the desired columns:

from sqlalchemy.sql import column

stmt = select([column('x'), column('y')]).                select_from(func.myfunction())

execute()¶

Execute this FunctionElement against an embedded ‘bind’.

This first calls select() to produce a SELECT construct.

Note that FunctionElement can be passed to the Connectable.execute() method of Connection or Engine.

filter(*criterion)¶

Produce a FILTER clause against this function.

Used against aggregate and window functions, for database backends that support the “FILTER” clause.

The expression:

func.count(1).filter(True)

is shorthand for:

from sqlalchemy import funcfilter
funcfilter(func.count(1), True)

버전 1.0.0에 추가.

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FunctionFilter

funcfilter()

get_children(**kwargs)¶

over(partition_by=None, order_by=None)¶

Produce an OVER clause against this function.

Used against aggregate or so-called “window” functions, for database backends that support window functions.

The expression:

func.row_number().over(order_by='x')

is shorthand for:

from sqlalchemy import over
over(func.row_number(), order_by='x')

See over() for a full description.

버전 0.7에 추가.

packagenames = ()¶

scalar()¶

Execute this FunctionElement against an embedded ‘bind’ and return a scalar value.

This first calls select() to produce a SELECT construct.

Note that FunctionElement can be passed to the Connectable.scalar() method of Connection or Engine.

select()¶

Produce a select() construct against this FunctionElement.

This is shorthand for:

s = select([function_element])

self_group(against=None)¶

within_group(*order_by)¶

Produce a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr) clause against this function.

Used against so-called “ordered set aggregate” and “hypothetical set aggregate” functions, including percentile_cont, rank, dense_rank, etc.

See within_group() for a full description.

버전 1.1에 추가.

within_group_type(within_group)¶

For types that define their return type as based on the criteria within a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY) expression, called by the WithinGroup construct.

Returns None by default, in which case the function’s normal .type is used.

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.Function

Define a ‘generic’ function.

A generic function is a pre-established Function class that is instantiated automatically when called by name from the func attribute. Note that calling any name from func has the effect that a new Function instance is created automatically, given that name. The primary use case for defining a GenericFunction class is so that a function of a particular name may be given a fixed return type. It can also include custom argument parsing schemes as well as additional methods.

Subclasses of GenericFunction are automatically registered under the name of the class. For example, a user-defined function as_utc() would be available immediately:

from sqlalchemy.sql.functions import GenericFunction
from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime

class as_utc(GenericFunction):
    type = DateTime

print select([func.as_utc()])

User-defined generic functions can be organized into packages by specifying the “package” attribute when defining GenericFunction. Third party libraries containing many functions may want to use this in order to avoid name conflicts with other systems. For example, if our as_utc() function were part of a package “time”:

class as_utc(GenericFunction):
    type = DateTime
    package = "time"

The above function would be available from func using the package name time:

print select([func.time.as_utc()])

A final option is to allow the function to be accessed from one name in func but to render as a different name. The identifier attribute will override the name used to access the function as loaded from func, but will retain the usage of name as the rendered name:

class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
    type = Geometry
    package = "geo"
    name = "ST_Buffer"
    identifier = "buffer"

The above function will render as follows:

>>> print func.geo.buffer()
ST_Buffer()

버전 0.8에 추가: GenericFunction now supports automatic registration of new functions as well as package and custom naming support.

버전 0.8으로 변경: The attribute name type is used to specify the function’s return type at the class level. Previously, the name __return_type__ was used. This name is still recognized for backwards-compatibility.

coerce_arguments = True¶

identifier = 'GenericFunction'¶

name = 'GenericFunction'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.OrderedSetAgg(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

Define a function where the return type is based on the sort expression type as defined by the expression passed to the FunctionElement.within_group() method.

array_for_multi_clause = False¶

identifier = 'OrderedSetAgg'¶

name = 'OrderedSetAgg'¶

within_group_type(within_group)¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.ReturnTypeFromArgs(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

Define a function whose return type is the same as its arguments.

identifier = 'ReturnTypeFromArgs'¶

name = 'ReturnTypeFromArgs'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.array_agg(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

support for the ARRAY_AGG function.

The func.array_agg(expr) construct returns an expression of type types.ARRAY.

e.g.:

stmt = select([func.array_agg(table.c.values)[2:5]])

버전 1.1에 추가.

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postgresql.array_agg() - PostgreSQL-specific version that returns postgresql.ARRAY, which has PG-specific operators added.

identifier = 'array_agg'¶

name = 'array_agg'¶

type¶

alias of ARRAY

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.char_length(arg, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

identifier = 'char_length'¶

name = 'char_length'¶

type¶

alias of Integer

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.coalesce(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.ReturnTypeFromArgs

identifier = 'coalesce'¶

name = 'coalesce'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.concat(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

identifier = 'concat'¶

name = 'concat'¶

type¶

alias of String

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.count(expression=None, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

The ANSI COUNT aggregate function. With no arguments, emits COUNT *.

identifier = 'count'¶

name = 'count'¶

type¶

alias of Integer

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.cume_dist(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

Implement the cume_dist hypothetical-set aggregate function.

This function must be used with the FunctionElement.within_group() modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

The return type of this function is Numeric.

버전 1.1에 추가.

identifier = 'cume_dist'¶

name = 'cume_dist'¶

type = Numeric()¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.current_date(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'current_date'¶

name = 'current_date'¶

type¶

alias of Date

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.current_time(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'current_time'¶

name = 'current_time'¶

type¶

alias of Time

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.current_timestamp(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'current_timestamp'¶

name = 'current_timestamp'¶

type¶

alias of DateTime

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.current_user(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'current_user'¶

name = 'current_user'¶

type¶

alias of String

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.dense_rank(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

Implement the dense_rank hypothetical-set aggregate function.

This function must be used with the FunctionElement.within_group() modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

The return type of this function is Integer.

버전 1.1에 추가.

identifier = 'dense_rank'¶

name = 'dense_rank'¶

type = Integer()¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.localtime(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'localtime'¶

name = 'localtime'¶

type¶

alias of DateTime

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.localtimestamp(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'localtimestamp'¶

name = 'localtimestamp'¶

type¶

alias of DateTime

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.max(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.ReturnTypeFromArgs

identifier = 'max'¶

name = 'max'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.min(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.ReturnTypeFromArgs

identifier = 'min'¶

name = 'min'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.mode(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.OrderedSetAgg

implement the mode ordered-set aggregate function.

This function must be used with the FunctionElement.within_group() modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression.

버전 1.1에 추가.

identifier = 'mode'¶

name = 'mode'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.next_value(seq, **kw)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

Represent the ‘next value’, given a Sequence as its single argument.

Compiles into the appropriate function on each backend, or will raise NotImplementedError if used on a backend that does not provide support for sequences.

identifier = 'next_value'¶

name = 'next_value'¶

type = Integer()¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.now(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

identifier = 'now'¶

name = 'now'¶

type¶

alias of DateTime

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.percent_rank(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

Implement the percent_rank hypothetical-set aggregate function.

This function must be used with the FunctionElement.within_group() modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

The return type of this function is Numeric.

버전 1.1에 추가.

identifier = 'percent_rank'¶

name = 'percent_rank'¶

type = Numeric()¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.percentile_cont(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.OrderedSetAgg

implement the percentile_cont ordered-set aggregate function.

This function must be used with the FunctionElement.within_group() modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression, or if the arguments are an array, an types.ARRAY of the sort expression’s type.

버전 1.1에 추가.

array_for_multi_clause = True¶

identifier = 'percentile_cont'¶

name = 'percentile_cont'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.percentile_disc(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.OrderedSetAgg

implement the percentile_disc ordered-set aggregate function.

This function must be used with the FunctionElement.within_group() modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression, or if the arguments are an array, an types.ARRAY of the sort expression’s type.

버전 1.1에 추가.

array_for_multi_clause = True¶

identifier = 'percentile_disc'¶

name = 'percentile_disc'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.random(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

identifier = 'random'¶

name = 'random'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.rank(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.GenericFunction

Implement the rank hypothetical-set aggregate function.

This function must be used with the FunctionElement.within_group() modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

The return type of this function is Integer.

버전 1.1에 추가.

identifier = 'rank'¶

name = 'rank'¶

type = Integer()¶

sqlalchemy.sql.functions.register_function(identifier, fn, package='_default')¶

Associate a callable with a particular func. name.

This is normally called by _GenericMeta, but is also available by itself so that a non-Function construct can be associated with the func accessor (i.e. CAST, EXTRACT).

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.session_user(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'session_user'¶

name = 'session_user'¶

type¶

alias of String

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.sum(*args, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.ReturnTypeFromArgs

identifier = 'sum'¶

name = 'sum'¶

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.sysdate(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'sysdate'¶

name = 'sysdate'¶

type¶

alias of DateTime

class sqlalchemy.sql.functions.user(**kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.functions.AnsiFunction

identifier = 'user'¶

name = 'user'¶

type¶

alias of String