API Reference¶

sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declarative_base(bind=None, metadata=None, mapper=None, cls=<type 'object'>, name='Base', constructor=<function __init__>, class_registry=None, metaclass=<class 'sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.api.DeclarativeMeta'>)¶

Construct a base class for declarative class definitions.

The new base class will be given a metaclass that produces appropriate Table objects and makes the appropriate mapper() calls based on the information provided declaratively in the class and any subclasses of the class.

매개 변수:

bind¶ – An optional Connectable, will be assigned the bind attribute on the MetaData instance. metadata¶ – An optional MetaData instance. All Table objects implicitly declared by subclasses of the base will share this MetaData. A MetaData instance will be created if none is provided. The MetaData instance will be available via the metadata attribute of the generated declarative base class. mapper¶ – An optional callable, defaults to mapper(). Will be used to map subclasses to their Tables. cls¶ – Defaults to object. A type to use as the base for the generated declarative base class. May be a class or tuple of classes. name¶ – Defaults to Base. The display name for the generated class. Customizing this is not required, but can improve clarity in tracebacks and debugging. constructor¶ – Defaults to _declarative_constructor(), an __init__ implementation that assigns **kwargs for declared fields and relationships to an instance. If None is supplied, no __init__ will be provided and construction will fall back to cls.__init__ by way of the normal Python semantics. class_registry¶ – optional dictionary that will serve as the registry of class names-> mapped classes when string names are used to identify classes inside of relationship() and others. Allows two or more declarative base classes to share the same registry of class names for simplified inter-base relationships. metaclass¶ – Defaults to DeclarativeMeta. A metaclass or __metaclass__ compatible callable to use as the meta type of the generated declarative base class.

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as_declarative()

sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.as_declarative(**kw)¶

Class decorator for declarative_base().

Provides a syntactical shortcut to the cls argument sent to declarative_base(), allowing the base class to be converted in-place to a “declarative” base:

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import as_declarative

@as_declarative()
class Base(object):
    @declared_attr
    def __tablename__(cls):
        return cls.__name__.lower()
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

class MyMappedClass(Base):
    # ...

All keyword arguments passed to as_declarative() are passed along to declarative_base().

버전 0.8.3에 추가.

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declarative_base()

class sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declared_attr(fget, cascading=False)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.orm.base._MappedAttribute, __builtin__.property

Mark a class-level method as representing the definition of a mapped property or special declarative member name.

@declared_attr turns the attribute into a scalar-like property that can be invoked from the uninstantiated class. Declarative treats attributes specifically marked with @declared_attr as returning a construct that is specific to mapping or declarative table configuration. The name of the attribute is that of what the non-dynamic version of the attribute would be.

@declared_attr is more often than not applicable to mixins, to define relationships that are to be applied to different implementors of the class:

class ProvidesUser(object):
    "A mixin that adds a 'user' relationship to classes."

    @declared_attr
    def user(self):
        return relationship("User")

It also can be applied to mapped classes, such as to provide a “polymorphic” scheme for inheritance:

class Employee(Base):
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    type = Column(String(50), nullable=False)

    @declared_attr
    def __tablename__(cls):
        return cls.__name__.lower()

    @declared_attr
    def __mapper_args__(cls):
        if cls.__name__ == 'Employee':
            return {
                    "polymorphic_on":cls.type,
                    "polymorphic_identity":"Employee"
            }
        else:
            return {"polymorphic_identity":cls.__name__}

버전 0.8으로 변경: declared_attr can be used with non-ORM or extension attributes, such as user-defined attributes or association_proxy() objects, which will be assigned to the class at class construction time.

cascading¶

Mark a declared_attr as cascading.

This is a special-use modifier which indicates that a column or MapperProperty-based declared attribute should be configured distinctly per mapped subclass, within a mapped-inheritance scenario.

Below, both MyClass as well as MySubClass will have a distinct id Column object established:

class HasSomeAttribute(object):
    @declared_attr.cascading
    def some_id(cls):
        if has_inherited_table(cls):
            return Column(
                ForeignKey('myclass.id'), primary_key=True)
        else:
            return Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

        return Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)

class MyClass(HasSomeAttribute, Base):
    ""
    # ...

class MySubClass(MyClass):
    ""
    # ...

The behavior of the above configuration is that MySubClass will refer to both its own id column as well as that of MyClass underneath the attribute named some_id.

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Inheritance Configuration

Mixing in Columns in Inheritance Scenarios

sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.api._declarative_constructor(self, **kwargs)¶

A simple constructor that allows initialization from kwargs.

Sets attributes on the constructed instance using the names and values in kwargs.

Only keys that are present as attributes of the instance’s class are allowed. These could be, for example, any mapped columns or relationships.

sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.has_inherited_table(cls)¶

Given a class, return True if any of the classes it inherits from has a mapped table, otherwise return False.

sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.synonym_for(name, map_column=False)¶

Decorator, make a Python @property a query synonym for a column.

A decorator version of synonym(). The function being decorated is the ‘descriptor’, otherwise passes its arguments through to synonym():

@synonym_for('col')
@property
def prop(self):
    return 'special sauce'

The regular synonym() is also usable directly in a declarative setting and may be convenient for read/write properties:

prop = synonym('col', descriptor=property(_read_prop, _write_prop))

sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.comparable_using(comparator_factory)¶

Decorator, allow a Python @property to be used in query criteria.

This is a decorator front end to comparable_property() that passes through the comparator_factory and the function being decorated:

@comparable_using(MyComparatorType)
@property
def prop(self):
    return 'special sauce'

The regular comparable_property() is also usable directly in a declarative setting and may be convenient for read/write properties:

prop = comparable_property(MyComparatorType)

sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.instrument_declarative(cls, registry, metadata)¶

Given a class, configure the class declaratively, using the given registry, which can be any dictionary, and MetaData object.

class sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.AbstractConcreteBase¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.api.ConcreteBase

A helper class for ‘concrete’ declarative mappings.

AbstractConcreteBase will use the polymorphic_union() function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass to this class. The function is called via the __declare_last__() function, which is essentially a hook for the after_configured() event.

AbstractConcreteBase does produce a mapped class for the base class, however it is not persisted to any table; it is instead mapped directly to the “polymorphic” selectable directly and is only used for selecting. Compare to ConcreteBase, which does create a persisted table for the base class.

Example:

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import AbstractConcreteBase

class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
    pass

class Manager(Employee):
    __tablename__ = 'manager'
    employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(50))
    manager_data = Column(String(40))

    __mapper_args__ = {
        'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
        'concrete':True}

The abstract base class is handled by declarative in a special way; at class configuration time, it behaves like a declarative mixin or an __abstract__ base class. Once classes are configured and mappings are produced, it then gets mapped itself, but after all of its decscendants. This is a very unique system of mapping not found in any other SQLAlchemy system.

Using this approach, we can specify columns and properties that will take place on mapped subclasses, in the way that we normally do as in Mixin and Custom Base Classes:

class Company(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'company'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
    employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

    @declared_attr
    def company_id(cls):
        return Column(ForeignKey('company.id'))

    @declared_attr
    def company(cls):
        return relationship("Company")

class Manager(Employee):
    __tablename__ = 'manager'

    name = Column(String(50))
    manager_data = Column(String(40))

    __mapper_args__ = {
        'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
        'concrete':True}

When we make use of our mappings however, both Manager and Employee will have an independently usable .company attribute:

session.query(Employee).filter(Employee.company.has(id=5))

버전 1.0.0으로 변경: - The mechanics of AbstractConcreteBase have been reworked to support relationships established directly on the abstract base, without any special configurational steps.

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ConcreteBase

Concrete Table Inheritance

Using the Declarative Helper Classes

class sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.ConcreteBase¶

A helper class for ‘concrete’ declarative mappings.

ConcreteBase will use the polymorphic_union() function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass to this class. The function is called via the __declare_last__() function, which is essentially a hook for the after_configured() event.

ConcreteBase produces a mapped table for the class itself. Compare to AbstractConcreteBase, which does not.

Example:

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import ConcreteBase

class Employee(ConcreteBase, Base):
    __tablename__ = 'employee'
    employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(50))
    __mapper_args__ = {
                    'polymorphic_identity':'employee',
                    'concrete':True}

class Manager(Employee):
    __tablename__ = 'manager'
    employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(50))
    manager_data = Column(String(40))
    __mapper_args__ = {
                    'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
                    'concrete':True}

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AbstractConcreteBase

Concrete Table Inheritance

Using the Declarative Helper Classes

class sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.DeferredReflection¶

A helper class for construction of mappings based on a deferred reflection step.

Normally, declarative can be used with reflection by setting a Table object using autoload=True as the __table__ attribute on a declarative class. The caveat is that the Table must be fully reflected, or at the very least have a primary key column, at the point at which a normal declarative mapping is constructed, meaning the Engine must be available at class declaration time.

The DeferredReflection mixin moves the construction of mappers to be at a later point, after a specific method is called which first reflects all Table objects created so far. Classes can define it as such:

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import DeferredReflection
Base = declarative_base()

class MyClass(DeferredReflection, Base):
    __tablename__ = 'mytable'

Above, MyClass is not yet mapped. After a series of classes have been defined in the above fashion, all tables can be reflected and mappings created using prepare():

engine = create_engine("someengine://...")
DeferredReflection.prepare(engine)

The DeferredReflection mixin can be applied to individual classes, used as the base for the declarative base itself, or used in a custom abstract class. Using an abstract base allows that only a subset of classes to be prepared for a particular prepare step, which is necessary for applications that use more than one engine. For example, if an application has two engines, you might use two bases, and prepare each separately, e.g.:

class ReflectedOne(DeferredReflection, Base):
    __abstract__ = True

class ReflectedTwo(DeferredReflection, Base):
    __abstract__ = True

class MyClass(ReflectedOne):
    __tablename__ = 'mytable'

class MyOtherClass(ReflectedOne):
    __tablename__ = 'myothertable'

class YetAnotherClass(ReflectedTwo):
    __tablename__ = 'yetanothertable'

# ... etc.

Above, the class hierarchies for ReflectedOne and ReflectedTwo can be configured separately:

ReflectedOne.prepare(engine_one)
ReflectedTwo.prepare(engine_two)

버전 0.8에 추가.

classmethod prepare(engine)¶

Reflect all Table objects for all current DeferredReflection subclasses

class MyClass(Base):
    @classmethod
    def __declare_last__(cls):
        ""
        # do something with mappings

class MyClass(Base):
    @classmethod
    def __declare_first__(cls):
        ""
        # do something before mappings are configured

class SomeAbstractBase(Base):
    __abstract__ = True

    def some_helpful_method(self):
        ""

    @declared_attr
    def __mapper_args__(cls):
        return {"helpful mapper arguments":True}

class MyMappedClass(SomeAbstractBase):
    ""

Base = declarative_base()

class DefaultBase(Base):
    __abstract__ = True
    metadata = MetaData()

class OtherBase(Base):
    __abstract__ = True
    metadata = MetaData()

DefaultBase.metadata.create_all(some_engine)
OtherBase.metadata_create_all(some_other_engine)